Classification of inflammatory bowel disease. Trends in incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. A bamboo joint-like appearance of the gastric body and cardia: possible association with Crohn’s disease. Additional value of upper GI tract endoscopy in the diagnostic assessment of childhood IBD. Endoscopic and histologic findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract of children with Crohn’s disease. Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Kirschner BS, Stephens JK. Esophageal Crohn disease in children: a clinical spectrum. Profile of pediatric Crohn’s disease in Belgium. Definition of phenotypic characteristics of childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Drummond HE, et al. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in children and adolescents with Crohn’s disease: a prospective study. High incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in children with Crohn disease. Lenaerts C, Roy CC, Vaillancourt M, et al. A global consensus on the classification, diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment of perianal fistulising Crohn’s disease. Incidence, clinical characteristics, long-term course, and comparison of progressive and nonprogressive cases of aphthous-type Crohn’s disease: a single-center cohort study. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: definitions and diagnosis. Is ileoscopy with biopsy worthwhile in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol. European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. The natural history of adult Crohn’s disease in population-based cohorts. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus Jr EV, Colombel JF, et al. Endoscopic examination is important to exclude infectious disease, especially when immunosuppressive therapy is considered. The importance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has been reported, and it often detects lesions in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in patients with CD. Development of new techniques such as balloon endoscopy and capsule endoscopy yield more information with regard to small intestinal lesions. In particular, typical endoscopic findings of ileocolonoscopy such as “cobblestone appearance” and “longitudinal ulcer” are the gold standard for diagnosis of CD. CD is diagnosed by integration of physiological, radiological, endoscopic, serological, and histological findings. CD irregularly affects the entire gastrointestinal tract, and causes intestinal complications such as fistula and stricture. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose etiology remains unknown.
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